Critical
Thinking Application AnswersLABORATORY EXERCISE 38
HEART STRUCTURE
Instructional Suggestions
1. You may want to have the students use colored 3. To reduce the cost of specimens used, you might provide
pencils to color the features of the heart and blood predissected, preserved sheep hearts for observation and
vessels in figure 38.3. This activity should help them save the specimens for use with other classes.
observe the illustrations more carefully and locate the 4. Fresh beef hearts are sometimes available from meat-packing
various features shown from different views in the houses. You might want to demonstrate the dissection of this
figures. They can check their work by referring to the large heart. Try to make sure that the atria and large blood
corresponding figures in the textbook, which are vessels are left attached for this purpose.
presented in full color.
2. Instead of using preserved sheep hearts, you might
want to provide fresh pig hearts for dissection.
Figure Labels
FIG. 38.1
1. Aorta 7. Pulmonary trunk (artery)
2. Superior vena cava 8. Left atrium
3. Right atrium 9. Left coronary artery
4. Right coronary artery 10. Great cardiac vein
5. Right ventricle 11. Left ventricle
6. Inferior vena cava
FIG. 38.2
1. Aorta 6. Apex
2. Left pulmonary artery 7. Superior vena cava
3. Left pulmonary veins 8. Right atrium
4. Left atrium 9. Inferior vena cava
5. Left ventricle 10. Right ventricle
FIG. 38.3
1. Aorta 10. Left pulmonary veins
2. Superior vena cava 11. Left atrium
3. Aortic valve 12. Pulmonary valve
4. Right atrium 13. Mitral (bicuspid) valve
5. Tricuspid valve 14. Papillary muscle
6. Chordae tendineae 15. Interventricular septum
7. Inferior vena cava 16. Left ventricle
8. Left pulmonary artery 17. Right ventricle
9. Pulmonary trunk
FIG. 38.4
1. Superior vena cava 7. Interventricular septum
2. Aorta 8. Left atrium
3. Right atrium 9. Mitral valve
4. Aortic valve 10. Left ventricle
5. Tricuspid valve 11. Apex
6. Right ventricle
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. h 7. e
2. l 8. g
3. j 9. i
4. f 10. b
5. k 11. c
6. d 12. a
PART B
1. The right atrioventricular valve is composed of three 4. The thicker wall of the aorta allows it to withstand the
relatively large cusps that contain chordae tendineae; higher pressure of the blood pumped out from the left
the pulmonary valve is made up of three smaller ventricle. The thinner wall of the pulmonary trunk (artery)
pocket-like cusps that lack chordae tendineae. is related to the lower pressure of the blood that leaves the
2. The cusps of the right atrioventricular valve move right ventricle.
upward into a horizontal position and close the opening 5. Vena cava, right atrium, right atrioventricular valve, right
between the right atrium and the right ventricle. ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary
3. The chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent the artery, capillary of the lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left cusps of the right and left atrioventricular valves from atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta.
swinging into the atria when the ventricles contract.
Critical
Thinking Application Answers
The thicker wall of the left ventricle allows it to contract with greater force and create the high pressure needed to move blood to all parts of the body (systemic circuit) except the lungs. The thinner wall of the right ventricle creates the lower pressure needed to move blood a relatively short distance to the lungs (pulmonary circuit).
LABORATORY EXERCISE 40
BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE, ARTERIES, AND VEINS
Instructional Suggestions
If live frogs are not available for the microscopic observation of blood vessels, you might want to provide small goldfish. The head of a fish can be wrapped loosely in wet cotton to keep its gills moist, and the fish can be placed on a glass plate on the stage of a microscope. If its tail is spread out beneath the microscope slide, the blood vessels can be observed with low- and high-power magnification. However, if the fish is not returned to water within a few minutes, it will likely die.
Figure Labels
FIG. 40.1
1. Tunica interna 3. Tunica externa
2. Tunica media
FIG. 40.4
1. Superior vena cava 3. Inferior vena cava 5. Pulmonary artery
2. Pulmonary trunk 4. Pulmonary veins 6. Aorta
Critical
Thinking Application Answer
The left ventricle wall is thicker which provides a more powerful contraction to force the blood through the longer distance of the systemic circuit.
FIG. 40.5
1. Right common carotid artery 7. Right common iliac artery
2. Right subclavian artery 8. Left common carotid artery
3. Brachiocephalic artery 9. Left subclavian artery
4. Aortic arch 10. Coronary artery (left)
5. Ascending aorta 11. Abdominal aorta
6. Right renal artery
FIG. 40.6
1. Superficial temporal artery 5. Subclavian artery
2. Internal carotid artery 6. Facial artery
3. External carotid artery 7. Common carotid artery
4. Vertebral artery 8. Brachiocephalic artery
FIG. 40.7
1. Subclavian artery 4. Brachial artery
2. Axillary artery 5. Radial artery
3. Deep brachial artery 6. Ulnar artery
FIG. 40.8
1. Common iliac artery 6. Internal iliac artery
2. External iliac artery 7. Femoral artery
3. Deep femoral artery 8. Anterior tibial artery
4. Popliteal artery 9. Dorsalis pedis artery
5. Abdominal aorta
FIG. 40.9
1. External jugular vein 4. Vertebral vein
2. Subclavian vein 5. Brachiocephalic vein
3. Internal jugular vein
FIG. 40.10
1. Axillary vein 3. Basilic vein
2. Cephalic vein 4. Median cubital vein
FIG. 40.11
1. Hepatic portal vein 4. Splenic vein
2. Superior mesenteric vein 5. Inferior mesenteric vein
3. Gastric vein (right)
FIG. 40.12
1. Inferior vena cava 4. External iliac vein
2. Common iliac vein 5. Femoral vein
3. Internal iliac vein 6. Great saphenous vein
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Endothelium 3. Outer layer (tunica externa) 6. Capillaries
2. Middle layer (tunica 4. Vasoconstriction 7. Hydrostatic
media) 5. Vasodilation 8. Osmotic
9. Valves
PART B
1. (sketches)
2. The inner and outer layers are similar in the artery and vein. The middle layer of the artery contains relatively greater amounts of smooth muscle and elastic tissue than that of the vein.
Critical
Thinking Application Answer
Because arteries are under higher pressure than veins, the thicker arterial walls help to maintain the strength and elasticity necessary against their walls.
PART C
1. The blood in an arteriole moves with a pulsating rapid flow, but blood in a venule moves with a steady slower flow.
2. A capillary could be identified by its small diameter and the presence of blood cells moving in single file.
3. Blood moves fastest in arterioles, somewhat slower in venules, and slowest in capillaries.
PART D
1. d 7. h
2. i 8. j
3. c 9. g
4. a 10. e
5. f 11. k
6. b
PART E
1. a 5. h
2. b 6. c
3. d 7. g
4. e 8. f
PART F (FIG. 40.13)
1. Common carotid artery 8. Subclavian vein
2. Brachiocephalic vein 9. Pulmonary vein
3. Superior vena cava 10. Inferior vena cava
4. Femoral vein 11. Aorta
5. Great saphenous vein 12. Common iliac vein
6. External jugular vein 13. Common iliac artery
7. Subclavian artery 14. Femoral artery