LABORATORY EXERCISE 15

VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORACIC CAGE

Figure Labels

FIG. 15.1

1. Cervical vertebrae 5. Coccyx

2. Thoracic vertebrae 6. Intervertebral foramina

3. Lumbar vertebrae 7. Intervertebral discs

4. Sacrum

FIG. 15.2 a-b

8 1

3 6

4 5

7 2

FIG. 15.3 a-c

6 1

7 9

3 2

5 8

FIG. 15.4

1. Superior articular process 5. Superior articular process

2. Anterior sacral foramen 6. Tubercles of median sacral crest

3. Coccyx 7. Posterior sacral foramen

4. Sacral canal 8. Sacral hiatus

Critical Thinking Application Answers

The four curvatures allow more resiliency and flexibility, which will enable the vertebal column to function more like a spring instead of a rigid rod.

FIG. 15.5

1. True ribs 6. Xiphoid process

2. False ribs 7. Sternum

3. Thoracic vertebra 8. Costal cartilage

4. Manubrium 9. Floating ribs

5. Body

Laboratory Report Answers

PART A

1. Spinal cord 8. Atlas

2. 26 9. Axis

3. Bodies 10. Dens

4. Intervertebral discs 11. Lumbar

5. Spinous process 12. Five

6. Spinal nerves 13. Sacral promontory

7. Vertebral arteries 14. Sacral hiatus

PART B

Vertebra	Number	Size	Body	Spinous Process	Transsverse Foramina
Cervical	7	Smallest	Smallest	C2 through C5 are forked	Present
Thoracic	12	Intermediate	Intermediate	Pointed and angled downward	Absent
Lumbar	5	Largest	Largest	Short, blunt, and nearly horizontal	Absent

PART C

1. 206 5. Clavicles

2. Floating 6. a. Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs

3. Seven b. Protects visceral organs

4. Hyaline cartilage c. Functions in breathing

PART D (FIG. 15.6)

1. Spinous process 4. Transverse process

2. Atlas 5. Intervertebral disc

3. Axis 6. Body (of sixth cervical vertebra)

LABORATORY EXERCISE 16

PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB

Figure Labels

FIG. 16.1

1. Clavicle 7. Ulna

2. Rib 8. Radius

3. Sternum 9. Acromion process

4. Costal cartilage 10. Head of humerus

5. Scapula 11. Coracoid process

6. Humerus

FIG. 16.2

1. Acromion process 6. Glenoid cavity

2. Coracoid process 7. Acromion process

3. Spine 8. Coracoid process

4. Supraspinous fossa 9. Glenoid cavity

5. Infraspinous fossa

Critical Thinking Application Answers

The clavicles brace the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulders in place. If an excessive lengthwise force occurs on this structurally weak bone, as when a person breaks a fall with an outstretched rigid upper limb, it is likely to fracture.

FIG. 16.3a-b

1. Head 6. Capitulum

2. Lesser tubercle 7. Trochlea

3. Deltoid tuberosity 8. Greater tubercle

4. Coronoid fossa 9. Medial epicondyle

5. Lateral epicondyle 10. Olecranon fossa

FIG. 16.4

1. Head of radius 5. Trochlear notch

2. Radial tuberosity 6. Coronoid process

3. Styloid process of radius 7. Head of ulna

4. Olecranon process

FIG. 16.5

1. Olecranon process 4. Head of radius

2. Humerus 5. Radius

3. Olecranon fossa 6. Ulna

FIG. 16.6

1. Scaphoid 7. Phalanges

2. Capitate 8. Lunate

3. Trapezoid 9. Proximal phalanx

4. Trapezium 10. Middle phalanx

5. Carpals (carpus) 11. Distal phalanx

6. Metacarpals (metacarpus)

Laboratory Report Answers

PART A

1. Scapulae 5. Spine

2. Manubrium (clavicular notch) 6. Acromion process

3. Acromion processes 7. Coracoid process

4. Clavicle 8. Head

PART B

1. a 4. b 7. b 10. e

2. b 5. c 8. a 11. a

3. b 6. d 9. b 12. f

PART C (FIGS. 16.7, 16.8, and 16.9)

FIG. 16.7 FIG. 16.8 FIG. 16.9

1. Humerus 1. Acromion process 1. Phalanges

2. Olecranon process 2. Head of humerus 2. Metacarpals

3. Head of radius 3. Humerus 3. Carpals

4. Radius 4. Clavicle 4. Distal phalanx

5. Ulna 5. Scapula 5. Proximal phalanx

6. Rib

PART D (FIG. 16.10)